The Assassination of Julius Caesar Essay - 1528 Words

The Assassination of Julius Caesar The assassination of Julius Caesar in 44BC by conspiring members of the Roman senate was an effort to remove a dictator whose power had grown to extraordinary levels and to revive the Republic government. Caesar’s power span throughout the entire Roman Empire, which during his reign extended from present day Syria, down into parts of Africa, over to Spain, most of France and all of Italy. He had the favor of the people, military and most of the Roman government. Caesar’s death at the hand of conspirators did remove him from power; however, it did not restore the Republic government as the Senate had anticipated, on-the-other hand it gave rise to yet a more powerful dictator that was beyond what Caesar†¦show more content†¦The Senate awarded such a length due to the threat the revolt presented to the Empire and people’s fondness for Caesar himself. Caesar now had the power of his legions, the Roman people and the Senate. After Caesar’s victory in Gaul, he was made dictator of the Roman Empire around 47 BCE. He was the first dictator to be awarded dictatorship for life and was so adored that his birth month, July, was renamed after him. His position as dictator bestowed upon him command of the all Roman legions and provinces, financial control, foreign policy decisions and power over the Senate. He appointed a large number of his supporters to the Senate firmly establishing his control of the Roman Empire. Caesar’s boundless power was not agreeable to all of the Senate. Sixty members of the Senate, led by Marcus Brutus, secretly plotted to assassinate Caesar and restore power to the Senate and Republic. Marcus philosophically tested members of the Senate to determine who would support the cause, least he be discovered before the deed could be carried out. Cassius, Labeo, Brutus surnamed Albinus, Tillius Cimber and Casca were among the sixty senate members willing to support Marcus. The conspirators determined the best opportunity to carry out the deed non-conspicuously was during a Senate meeting in which CaesarShow MoreRelatedThe Assassination of Julius Caesar1325 Words   |  6 Pagesstrength to fear, dictatorship, and voraciousness. These powerful aristocrats were emperors, sat on the top of Rome’s social order, but many of these emperors abused their status and ability. Roman emperors’ history was all mixed ingredients of love, assassination, vengeance, terror, voracity, jealousy, and haughtiness. The first century AD of the Roman Empire became a perilous period of imperialism because hereditary rule. Emperors in this epoch were not selected based on their skill and trustworthinessRead MoreThe Assassination of Julius Caesar1768 Words   |  8 Pages Wendy Voong History 101 J.Duran 24 October 2014 The Assassination of Julius Caesar â€Å"The Assassination of Julius Caesar† by Michael Parenti goes into details about the events that lead up to the death of Caesar due to class conflicts. In 44 BC, the assassination of Julius Caesar was lead by conspiring members of the Roman senate who wanted to remove the dictator, who was increasingly acquiring power, and to revive the Republic government. Parentis book protestsRead MoreThe Assassination Of Julius Caesar1516 Words   |  7 Pagesthree of Satan s apprentices the son, father and holy spirit. He is in the ninth circle of hell for his betrayal against the state of Rome, which ultimately lead to the fall of Rome. He was one of the main conspirators in helping in the assassination of Julius Caesar. His sins have landed him in the most treacherous part of hell where he will be thinking about his actions for an eternity. Brutus was born in Macedonia 85 BCE. He had a happy childhood with a positive upbringing. Brutus had a wealthyRead MoreThe Assassination of Julius Caesar1213 Words   |  5 PagesOn the Ides of March one of the most famous assassinations took place; the assassination of the leader of the Roman republic, Julius Caesar. The death of Julius Caesar allowed Gaius Julius Octavius who would later be given the title Augustus by the senate, to enter the political realm of Rome by accepting his inherited power. But before Augustus could gain any control in Rome he had to defeat his opposition, Mark Antony who also sought to gain control of Rome at the time. Augustus managed to defeatRead MoreThe Assassination Of Julius Caesar As A Roman Dictator1086 Words   |  5 PagesJulius Caesar was a Roman Dictator who was both loved and hated by those that he ruled over. Throughout the world, he has been written about in a variety of different ways and is portrayed as a politician as well as a selfi sh dictator. Three â€Å"firsthand† accounts that were written to give us a better understanding of Julius Caesar were â€Å"The Assassination of Julius Caesar†, â€Å"Tranquillus, Gaius Suetonius†, and â€Å"Plutarch, The Assassination of Julius Caesar, from Marcus Brutus†. We will explore the writingsRead MoreThe Assassination Of Julius Caesar By Michael Parenti961 Words   |  4 PagesNicholas Okada 10/21/14 APWH Period 4 Book Review: The Assassination of Julius Caesar by Michael Parenti In The Assassination of Julius Caesar, Michael Parenti highlights the many significant people and events that characterized the late Roman Republic. Specifically, he focuses on the time period between the election of Tiberius Grachus, to the rise of Augustus, the first emperor of Rome. In this account of history, Parenti presents the social, political, and economic aspects of the Roman cultureRead MoreJulius Caesar s Assassination On Rome, Politically And Socially1717 Words   |  7 PagesThis investigation evaluates the question, to what extent did Julius Caesar s assassination affect Rome, politically and socially. Gaius Julius Caesar, famously known for his brilliant military strategies and shrewd political expertise, helped transform the Roman Republic into one of the greatest civilization in the western world. During his reign, Julius Ceasar expanded Rome’s geographical territory across Ancient Europe immensely, conquering areas of present-day France and Britain. The i nvestigationRead MoreJustification of Caesar’s Assassination in Shakespeares The Tragedy of Julius Caesar878 Words   |  3 PagesWilliam Shakespeare, wrote the play The Tragedy of Julius Caesar. The story takes place toward the end of the Roman Republic in 44 BC in Ancient Rome. The play follows the words and actions of the Roman senators, plebeians and their emperor Julius Caesar. As the story begins, readers find out the many of the senators are not pleased with Caesar as a ruler of the Roman people. Two characters, Brutus and Cassius are especially passionate about killing Caesar to end his rule. Through discussing plans andRead MoreGaius Cassius Longinu Part in the Assissination of Julius Ceasar797 Words   |  3 PagesCassius, full name Gaius Cassius Longinus, was recalled as a good soldier with a terrible temper and in politics, irrational and drowned by vanity. In his time he was a Roman senator, also known by his part-taking in the assassination of Julius Caesar. In his early years, he studied philosophy under Archelaus, and was fluent in Greek. His wife, Junia Tertia was the half-sister of co-conspirator Brutus. Cassius served under Crassus, He took part in saving Remnants of the Roman army against theRead MoreJulius Caesar ´s Death: Analysis Essay552 Words   |  3 PagesShould Julius Caesar have been killed? This question has plagued history for years without a real answer. Julius Caesar was corrupt and all powerful, and his death saved Rome. It really is that simple; he declared himself dictator for life and ignored the Senate’s power. A man with that much power can only hurt a nation. Julius Caesar was a blood thirsty man. He fought everyone he could just to extend Rome. (Julius Caesar. ) He savagely killed anyone that got in his way. Many may say that he was

Technology Taking Over Education - 969 Words

Technology: Taking Over Education What does having a career in education mean? What does being a teacher who will always impact the students’ lives that she comes in contact with mean? Going into the education field, one has to have a lot of tricks up their sleeve to keep students involved and engaged. Tricks such as animated voices, interesting books, and fun online games. For example, in classes today teachers by themselves will only have a child s attention for all of 10 minutes before they get bored or want to do the next activity. However, with the new additions to the traditional classrooms, (technology) children are enjoying learning much more. In society today, websites such as Khan academy are very well known. According to Chris Riedel of The Journal, he stated that †Video is another tool that has been on the rise in recent years. While her presentation focused on students, Evans noted that 46 percent of teachers are using video in in the classroom.† For example, Khan academy is an educational organization created by a man who tutored his niece in 2006. This sensation is made up 3,200 educational videos in the form of YouTube videos. Khan academy is not just an accessory for the classroom, students also use this tool outside of class to help with their assignments. The factors that caused things like khan academy and Ted Talks to become popular is word of mouth. Also, groups similar to book clubs called parent teacher associations. These clubs gather around andShow MoreRelated The Relationship of Education and Technology Essay1427 Words   |  6 PagesRelationship of Education and Technology Todays society seems to be relying more and more on technology. Computers are being placed in almost every machine placed on the market today. That brings to our attention that in the future things arent going to change. Technology will increase as jobs may decrease and as the need for people with degrees in Computer Science and Engineering become most valuable to the labor industry. With all of this technology booming going on, where does education go inRead MoreImpact Of Distractions On Higher Education Classrooms1344 Words   |  6 PagesRidding Distractions in Higher Education Classrooms Clay Shirky, a professor of media studies at New York University, has allowed his students to willfully use their personal devices such as laptops, tablets, and phones in class for years. However, as he continued to realize the issue of distraction provoked by personal technology use in class, he recently shifted his classroom policy from â€Å"allowed unless by request† to â€Å"banned unless required.† Shirky illustrates that â€Å"allowing laptop use in classRead MoreA Brief Note On Inequality And Technology On Today s World1281 Words   |  6 PagesHolden August 5, 2014 English 955 Tony Asay Inequality and Technology Technology in today’s world is one of the leading causes of inequality. Because of it’s major increase, availability and usefulness, it has cut the amount of jobs and opportunities for income. It is now getting in the way of a good education and taking away from personal interaction and education that can only be learned well on a one on one basis. Although technology has come a long way and it has improved large amounts of howRead MoreEssay on Technology and Education1190 Words   |  5 PagesTechnology and Education When I first stepped foot into a Towson University classroom I was surprised by what I saw. What I saw was something I thought only belonged in corporate meeting rooms. This device I speak of was a digital overhead projector. For me this was something new and very exciting. Where I went to school the idea of technology was a television with a VCR on a rolling stand. This change in technology was far superior than I had ever imagined and this is why I was I chose this topicRead MoreImportance of Technology in Education Essays1310 Words   |  6 PagesEveryday life involves technology. Everyday life is no longer simple. If one is not tech savvy, he or she may struggle to make his or her way through the day. In recent times technology has reached a new level of advancements and is taking over everywhere, including the classroom. Which is why San Angelo schools should incorporate more into elementary classrooms. Technology is used for basic actions but can also make activities easier fo r students. Research shows when technology is integrated into theRead MoreIn This Paper, I Plan To Argue The Ideas By Edward Conard,1287 Words   |  6 Pagesarticle with the self-fashioning’s article by Keohane. In Conard’s article, he demonstrates to answer the question whether or not we need more humanities. His answer is that we should be focus on technology and innovation to have a better living standards. (41) His main argument is that innovation and technology are the key to driver of the American economy and there is a need for more talents and expertise in this area. (42) Secondly, technological companies have continuously driven the economy and supportedRead More Educational Technology Essay1697 Words   |  7 PagesEducational Technology Education is probably the most important thing in life that someone can obtain. There are many levels of education. These levels begin at Kindergarten and Pre-K and continue on through grade school, junior high school, high school, and undergraduate colleges if so chosen. Then the possibility of graduate school is in the interest of some student and is required for better pay and even in some career fields. Education has undergone many changes over the past 2 decadesRead MoreWhy Im Optimistic About our Nations Future Essay655 Words   |  3 Pagespeople begin to retire, it will be my generation to take over. When I began researching information for my paper, I realized how important it is for my generation to be aware of what is going on now, so that in the future, we will know how to address the situations that emerge. I am optimistic about our nation’s future because it will be us to improve upon things such as our technology, education, healthcare, and environment. Technology is always changing, and there are always new discoveriesRead MoreWhy The Sat Is An Essential Part Of High School Students867 Words   |  4 Pagesprimarily because of the increasing amount of different individuals taking the test. First introduced in the early 1900s, the primary test takers of the SAT were rich, white males. In the next century test takers have grown tremendously, nearing two million high school seniors (Chandler). With the increase in the number of students taking the SAT, more and more high school students who speak English as a second language are taking the standardized test. 48% of all Hispanic students took the test inRead MoreTechnopoly: The Surrender of Culture to Technology by Neil Postman1120 Words   |  5 PagesAs time progresses technology increases and improves. However, this progression could pose as a serious problem for generations to come, and New York University department chair of communication arts Neil Postman expresses this concer n in his 1992 book, Technopoly: The Surrender of Culture to Technology. In the opening of Postman’s book he expresses that technology is indeed our friend because technology provides our society with fast and easy convenience and accessibility. As with most other things

Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order free essay sample

So in 1996, he published the book titled The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order. In his book, Huntington expands on the ideas in his original essay and ntroduces five main conceptual points, which goes on to explain what would become of the world, ever since the end of the Cold War and the collapse of the U. S. S. R. Many scientists and writers believe that the values of the west will become the only remaining ideological way for the nations of the new world (Post- Cold War society). Specifically, Francis Fukuyama who stated the end of history as such: that is, the end point of mankinds ideological evolution and the universalization of Western liberal democracy as the final form of human government. (The End of History, xx) Huntington argues that while western expansion many increase after the post-cold war, the western dominance in the world and its norm to be superior over others could provoke other civilizations. Causing major civilizations to ask themselves who are we, resulting in moral conflicts between countries/cultures based on their traditions of religion. (Huntington, 21) It is in human nature that People define themselves in terms of ancestry, religion, language, history, values, customs, and institutions. They identify with cultural groups: tribes, ethnic groups, religious communities, nations, and at the broadest level, civilizations. (Huntington, 21). Huntingtons argument of cultural boundaries arising from western influence divides the world into nine major civilizations that he believes are the geographical locations where the morals ot ce rtain ideas, values and religion are dominant . The most dominant of the nine is the West, which is characterized by the United States, Canada, and the nations of Western Europe. There are also Sinic (the common culture of China), Japanese, Buddhist, Hindu (identified as the core Indian civilization), Islamic, Orthodox (Russia and other Slavic nations), Latin American (Central and South American), and Africa. (Book Summary of The Clash of Civilizations) Who are all individually different in priorities, traditions, society and all misunderstand each other. With western influence amongst these civilizations an issue, and the large conflict of moral believes between them, it could potentially create hostility between civilizations. And with China emphasizing its cultural importance through economic successes. Asian societies are decreasingly responsive to United States demands and interests and [are] increasingly able to resist pressure from the U. S. r other Western countries (Huntington, 104). So with the advantage of Asian countries to productively modernize and grow economically without adopting western values supports Huntingtons criticism against a somewhat weakening West could ultimately create temptation of an event of hatred against the West. Mainly since with China being the biggest challenger to the West, Huntington believes that the Islamic civilization could ultimately rise again toa resistance of Western influences. Muslim societies, unlike Asian societies, have mainly based their cultural identity through iews of religion. Huntington argues that the rebirth of Islam embodies the acceptance of modernity, rejection of Western culture, and the recommitment to Islam as the guide to life in the modern world (Huntington, 110). What Huntington Got Right People can view Huntingtons ideology of his thesis in many ways, interrupting it any way they want. But in my opinion in the book Huntington effectively creates the discussion of the post-cold-war world not solely being about societies ideology, ethnicity, politics, and economics to but based on its culture. Allowing the variable of uman nature to effect the actions of the future. Huntington is right to say that there is not going to be a generalizations of the worlds society; secondly to point out the conflict of civilizations amongst themselves; and third, to emphasize the simplicity that human moralities can become secularized. Huntington, xx) Huntington states that the world should not be viewed as having only two sides, or as a set of states, but as a set of seven or eight cultural civilizations (all emerging alignments to each other) linked together with either conflict or alliance relations. He makes several important points, that one, modernization does not automatically mean Westernization; two, economic progress conflicts with religion; and lastly that society after the c old war is no longer based on ideology but cultural (Huntington, xx) Huntington believes that the future of Western civilization expanding is probable, but not to be expected. But this creates conflict to some, given that there are many views of what Western civilization really is and its power. This leads to Huntington recommending better relations between Western nations, and wanting to maintain Western advances (like technology and military) to be superior over other civilizations (especially Islamic and Sinic countries). He warns us to stay timid on the interaction and interference of other civilization (Huntington,xx) The astonishing thing about Huntingtons book and his theory predicted how he could determine the profile backgrounds ot the 9- 1 terrorists and their tollowers. Being able to describes now East Asian states will neglect the western influence of the US and turn towards Chinese recovery of their three thousand year old traditional control. And lastly redict how Russia, the main state of Orthodox civilization will go back to attempting the establishment of its own traditional control with its allies and surrounding states after battling with the west over superiority. Huntington expresses how the Western Civilization is declining in relation to its economic and demographic influence over the worlds other major civilizations (especially the Sinic and Islamic). Post -Cold War efforts to create alliances was a successful action where civilization gained alliances amongst themselves temporarily to form and prevent a common enemy, and how United States attempted to preserve those relationships against other American enemies (Islamic fundamentalism). As well as how Western civilization, including the United States need to understand and accept that other civilizations can have independence from a dominant nation. A fascinating point Huntington makes is how American and Western civilization are failing with the containment of other civilizations having nuclear weapons. Most countries do not even have the intent of necessarily using nuclear weapons, but seek them to provoke and prevent military authority by the United States. Huntington recaps that, during the Cold War, the US insisted it needed nuclear weapons to maintain tactical superiority so the USSR couldnt. At this point, that the United States had to show its dominance in military power, everyone now believes they need nuclear weapons or nuclear-armed allies to just protect their independence (e. g. , Iran, North Korea). Huntington says South Koreans seem a lot less concerned with North Korean nuclear arms than Americans or Japanese are. (Huntington, xx) Huntington gives a total different perspective of seeing the world we live in. Huntingtons thesis bypasses the conceptual traditions of realist, and their principles on society, or how liberal principles based their values such on freedom. He shows how human nature can dominate a civilization and cause the natural feeling of superiority resulting in a clash of different cultures. Huntingtons analysis is fascinating and, in my opinion to politically correct. It paints a good picture of todays society. If anything, todays society seems to be still following in the direction Huntington represented. What Huntington Got Wrong With its wide range of interpretations and it being viewed as perplexed in its rgument, todays society has proven it to be somewhat accurate for the most part. Roughly it basically predicts the last decade of the world history using a Western standpoint. His view on certain topics and the things he wrote about Pakistan and how intensely accurate his prediction where, against western civilization. Huntington,xx) To start with, Huntington gives the impression that if a civilization progresses too fast; it will result in negative outcome to the civilization, ensuing it to fail, and fall back to its norms. (Turkey). Then, he states that people who tend to eclare their dominance against the West, ideologically or culturally, unintentionally will result in negative way shown by the West itself (the former USSR). However, civi lizations that decide to be a more reasonable form of being like the West will end up weakening their culture (China). Lastly, civilizations that would like to live peacefully with others and do not seek the dominance of major cultures (west), resulting it to follow the closest to their traditions. (India). Huntingtons thesis of the emerging world order came Otta bit to simple tor it to be only seven major civilizations. Taking in consideration, that without some basic foundation of society we couldnt discuss the details of international politics, mainly because it would allow to many possibilities in the equation. In addition, Huntington never deprived of the possibility of other factors in shaping the society of todays world. What he did say it was to present a framework, a paradigm, for viewing global politics that will be meaningful to scholars and useful to policymakers. (Huntington, xx) Conclusion Its hard to say, if one could agree or disagree with Huntingtons entire thesis, mainly ecause it depends on where you stand from his perspective, being from a western background, to even a Islamic background. But nonetheless, we should take inconsideration the recognition of The Clash of Civilizations as a foundation of what has or could happen. Importantly, the book deserves a wide readership so society can understand its knowledge and be able to debate on it. It provides a considerate and challenging theory to help explain what happens when human nature affects society and it is no longer based on ideology or economy.

Name = Jung Soo Kim Essays - Russia, French Emperors,

name = Jung Soo Kim email = [emailprotected] publish = yes subject = History title = Reasons on why Napoleon had lost the Campaign of 1812 papers = Please put your paper here. Napoleon's Reasons for Defeat The Campaign of 1812 should have been a another crusade for Napoleon, but he now faced 2 new policies that he had never faced before, the severe Russian winter and the notorious scorched-earth policy. On June 23, 1812 Napoleon's Grande Armee, over 500,000 men strong, poured over the Russian border. An equal amount of Russian forces awaited them. The result of the campaign was a surprise. Two authors, General carl von Clausewitz and Brett James, show similarities in reasons why Napoleon had lost this campaign to Russia. Napoleon believed that after a few quick victorious battles, he could convince Alexander to return to the Continental System. He also decided that if he occupied Moscow, the Russian government would crumple and ask for peace. " A single blow delivered at the heart of the Russian Empire, at Moscow the Great, at Moscow the Holy, will instantly put this whole blind, apathetic mass at my mercy." pg 6, 1812 Napoleon's Defeat in Russia This was his belief he expressed in March 1812. However, when Napoleon eventually took over Moscow, the Tsar still did not surrender. Napoleon, sent a message to the Tsar, demanding a immediate surrender. However, the Tsar could not surrender because if he did, he would be assassinated by the nobles. Clausewitz replies by saying, " Napoleon was unable to grasp the fact that Alexander would not, could not negotiate. The Tsar knew well that he would be disposed and assassinated if he tried so." pg 256, The Campaign of 1812 in Russia General Clausewitz said, "Napoleon believed if he defeated the Russian Army and occupied Moscow, the Russian leadership will fall apart and the government would call for peace." pg 253, The Campaign of 1812 in Russia Brett James also agreed that Napoleon's occupation had no result. " The occupation of Napoleon in Moscow did not have a effect on the government." pg 13, 1812 Napoleon's Defeat in Russia With his battle plan set, Napoleon prepared his troops for the attack on Russia. But, Napoleon did not consider the fierce Russian winter which awaited him. According to Ludwig Wilhelm Gottlob Schlosser, a onlooker, he described the army by saying, " The French, down to the lowliest drummer were very fastidious. These poor French devils were not satisfied with less than soup, meat and vegetables, roast, and salad for their midday meal, and there was no sign of their famous frugality. They were completely devoid of the coming winter." pg 13, 1812 Napoleon's Defeat in Russia Napoleon was even warned by General Rapp about the extremities of the oncoming winter in Russia. " The natives say we shall have a severe winter," Napoleon retorted scornfully," Bah! You and your natives! We shall see how fine it is." pg 147, 1812 Napoleon's Defeat in Russia Napoleon should have heeded Rapp's words. As the Grand Armee marched toward Moscow, many horses and men were lost in the freezing snow, and for those who remained, their morale and effectiveness was at the nadir. General Clausewitz states his point by saying, " With more precaution and better regulations as to subsistence, with more careful consideration of his marches, which would have prevented the unnecessary and enormous accumulation of masses on one and the same road, he would have preserved his army in a more effective condition." pg 255, The Campaign of 1812 in Russia Brett James also shared the same opinion, " Napoleon appeared to have made no effort to discover the facts in Russia, or prepare his troops for it." pg 140, 1812 Napoleon's Defeat in Russia As Napoleon and his army was making their way to Moscow, they encountered typhus, colds, and dysentery. Even the mighty Napoleon had caught a mild case of the flu. However, his soldiers had received the brunt of the attack. Captain Thomas- Joesph Aubry relives this ordeal, " After this the typhus made appalling inroads in our ranks. We were fourty-three officers in our ward. All of them died, one after the other, and delirious from this dreadful disease, most of them singing, some in Latin, others in German, others again in Italian - and singing psalms, canticles, or the mass." pg 210, 1812 Napoleon's Defeat in Russia General Clausewitz wrote, " The bad water and the air-borne insects caused dysentery, typhus, and diarrhea." pg 136, The Campaign of 1812 in Russia Brett James also wrote, " Bad water, bad

ww1 commentary essays

ww1 commentary essays War is both a time of triumph and devastation. It is a time that can bring either tears of joy or tears of sorrow to a mothers eyes. War separates the men from the boys and that is why so many teenagers sought to fight for their country. They all fought to defend the honor of their country and to try to show that they can survive the rugged and harsh conditions. Reality did not quite hit these boys, until they found themselves fending for their own lives. Like many of these naive teenagers, their parents are also unaware of what is happening on the battlefield because the news is usually somewhat sugarcoated. Many British poets helped expose the grim realities of war and did not always receive positive feedback. The experiences and writings of British poets such as Rosenberg, Owen, and Sassoon, brought forth both negative and positive criticism and ultimately helped shape early 20th century views on war. Throughout the early 20th century, hostilities between countries such as Austria and Serbia started to grow. It was not until the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand, the heir Austro-Hungarian throne, did the war begin. Ferdinand was assassinated on June 28, 1914 in Sarajeva by a Serbian (Duffy 1). The Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand is what triggered the war. It was used to justify the war, when in reality, the war seemed almost inevitable. As the war progressed, alliances started to form. The Allies Powers included Romania, Russia, Serbia, United States of America, Belgium, France, Great Britain, Greece, Italy, Japan, Montenegro, and Portugal (Moore 1). The Allies Powers went against the Central Powers which included Austria, Hungary-Bulgaria, Germany, and the Ottoman Empire (Central 1). Predicting the outcome of the war is quite simple after looking at which countries fought on which side and comparing the amount of countries on each side. Also after a series of fatal moves made by the Central ...

Enteral and Parenteral Nutrition Essays

Enteral and Parenteral Nutrition Essays Enteral and Parenteral Nutrition Essay Enteral and Parenteral Nutrition Essay Which critically ill patients should receive TPN? Prof R D Griffiths in conjunction with Fresenius-Kabi Why are these guidelines required? In the critical care setting, nutritional support influences the outcome for critically ill patients. This guideline seeks to outline the important role of parenteral nutrition in the critically ill patient. Enteral and parenteral nutrition The enteral route for nutrition delivery is preferred where it can be safely delivered in the absence of gastrointestinal intolerance. For a small proportion of patients enteral feeding is not possible but in addition for a larger proportion of patients research consistently shows that enteral nutrition does not always cover the total nutritional needs of intensive care unit patients. There has been a reluctance to use parenteral nutrition (PN) or to supplement enteral (EN) or oral nutrition with parenteral nutrition (PN) for the perceived risk that to do so increases the infection and mortality risk. Systematic review evidence acquired from studies in the critically ill shows that while there may be an increased risk of infection there is no added mortality risk [ 1 ]. Parenteral nutrition has changed considerably over the last forty years and many of the complications were a feature of historical PN practice associated with its inappropriate use, unbalanced formulations and liberal overfeeding. Even the risk of infection may be more related to the underlying patient disease and indication for PN rather than modern PN formulations and delivery in ICU. Malnourishment It has been estimated that around 40% of all patients in hospital are undernourished and this is associated with further complications. Acute critically ill patients lose on average approximately 5-10% of skeletal muscle mass per week during their ICU stay [ 3 ]. Complications such as septicaemia in these patients are to a large extent caused by malnutrition and impaired immunological function [ 2 ]. Complications versus choice of nutrition route When correctly applied, the complications of PN are less likely to result in death compared with those of EN. Recent studies conclude that PN compared with early EN is risk-neutral overall [ 3 ]. It is reassuring that in critically ill patients, when used with EN in the ICU as a supplement, PN has been confirmed to be risk-neutral or may even offer benefits. However from current data it is not possible to justify the extra cost of supplemental PN when started concurrently with EN at the start of an ICU admission [ 1 ] but more importantly there are no studies where it has been started in the more appropriate situation after EN has been shown to fail in already malnourished ICU patients. It has been demonstrated that nutritional goals were reached in 22% of ICU patients fed via EN compared with 75% with PN [ 2 ]. It must be remembered that under nutrition is a debt that must eventually be repaid and this is also worse if it is compounded! The ACCEPT study showed that survival from intensive care was improved when an evidence based guideline for nutrition was followed and more nutrition delivered more consistently. This was achieved by earlier introduction and more complete enteral nutrition delivery without any decline in the use of PN alone or in supplementation. Using the guidelines These guidelines have been developed using a step-by-step approach as follows: Step 1ASSESSMENTDoes the patient require nutritional support? Step 2ADMINISTRATIONWhich route(s) should be used? Step 3ACHIEVEMENT (REVIEW)Are nutrition goals being met? Step 1 Nutritional Risk Screening (adapted from NRS 2002 ESPEN) Does this patient require nutritional support? Initial screening of patients is recommended in these guidelines but it is assumed that ALL patients fulfill the criteria for requiring a final screening assessment which follows. The adaptation assumes an affirmative answer to the question â€Å"Is the patient severely ill? (e. g. in intensive care) Impaired nutritional statusSeverity of disease (increase in requirements) Score 0Normal nutritional statusScore 0Normal nutritional requirements Score 1 Wt loss 5% in 3 months or foodScore 1Hip fracture. Chronic patients in (Mild)intake below 50-75% of normal particular acute complications of requirements in preceding weekcirrhosis, COPD. Chronic diabetes haemodialysis, oncology. Score 2Wt loss 5% in 2 months or BMIScore 2Major abdominal surgery, stroke, (Moderate)18. -20. 5 + impaired general condition orsevere pneumonia, haematologic food intake 25-60% of normal requirement malignancy. in preceding week. Score 3Wt loss 15% in 3 months or BMI Score 3Head injury, Bone marrow transplant (Severe)18. 5 + impaired general condition orIntensive Care Patients (APACHE 10) food intake 0-25% of normal requirement in preceding week SCORE+ SCORE= TOTAL SCORE AGE ADJUSTMENT (IF PATIENT ? 70 YRS ADD 1 TO TOTAL SCORE)= TAAS SCORE INTERPRETATION SCORE ? 3The patient is nutritionally at risk and a nutritional plan should be initiated. SCORE 3Weekly re-screening of the patient. If the patient is scheduled for a major operation a preventative nutrition plan should be considered to avoid associated risk status. Step 2Administration route(s) Nutritional support does influence the outcome of critically ill patients and evidence suggests that the consistent achievement of nutritional goals is important and this should if feasible be through the enteral route [ 7 ]. Evidence suggests that for most patients this is just as effectively and safely delivered through a naso-gastric tube compared to tubes sited after the stomach [ 1 ]. It must be recognized that problems do occur with all forms of enteral delivery and that delivery is more often attained by the parenteral route3 and this is apparent in critically ill patients where enteral nutrition is inappropriate, contraindicated or has failed. Parenteral nutrition should be used when the GI tract is not functional or cannot be accessed or when the patient’s nutrient needs are greater than those which can be met through the GI tract. However it should not be commenced in the non-malnourished as a supplement until approaches to enteral delivery have been optimized [ 1 ]. Assess the integrity and function of the bowel using the following prompts: IF THE ANSWER IS â€Å"NO† TO EITHER QUESTION – TIME TO CONSIDER PN Is the digestive tract functioning? Is the patient well nourished and recovery of gut function expected within 3 days? IF THE ANSWER IS â€Å"YES† TO EITHER QUESTION – TIME TO CONSIDER PN While using an enteral feeding protocol does the presence of excess gastric aspirates (e. g. persistently 150mls after measures to improve gastric emptying) lead to reduced enteral intake. Does the nutrition equirements of the disease or injury exceed that which can be delivered safely via the enteral route? Some patients with an intact GI tract do not tolerate enteral feeds or do not receive sufficient intake enterally or orally to meet their energy and protein requirements. The reasons for poor gastric emptying should be considered. Simple measures such as turning to the right side or reducing opiate intake may be tried along w ith short trials of either Metoclopramide or Erythromycin if other causes have been excluded. However gastrointestinal intolerance is an important and worrying sign and is associated with increased pneumonia and risk of death independently of illness severity . The supine posture is also associated with increased risk of aspiration pneumonia and if patients cannot be nursed in the semi-erect position parenteral nutrition may be a safer option whether it is used as a supplement or as the sole source of nutrition in these patients [ 6 ]. Choice of feed and amounts In the critical care setting estimation or measurement of precise requirements is fraught with error. A target of 25 kcal/kg/day for the first week is acceptable. Protein intake is the central component as this cannot be stored metabolically. Most evidence supports 1. 5 gm/kg/day as a reasonable target. Requirements change during an illness and generally increase in the second week and when patients become more active. Simple methods using patient size bands based upon accessible measures of body size (height or weight) should be used to calculate target amounts. More sophisticated individual patient calculations have not been shown to be any more accurate. Polymeric complete enteral feeds should be used for most patients and infused continuously. Evidence for the use of specific formulations is lacking, except that the immunonutrition cocktails that contain extra arginine should NOT be given [ 1 ] outside of the peri-operative setting where evidence exists. An all-in-one complete balanced parenteral formulation should be used and evidence based recommendations suggests where practical these should contain glutamine [ 1 ]. They should be delivered continuously through a dedicated lumen that should not be used for any other access. Some of the energy should come from lipid sources but there is paucity of evidence to suggest any particular lipid formulations although this may change as more advanced formulations come on the market. Caution should be applied when other lipid containing infusions are also in use (e. g. propofol). Lipid infusion is safe at rates up to 1. 5 gm/kg/day, and glucose should be given at 3-4 gm/kg/day. Use simple standardized regimens for most patients. Within ICU acute electrolyte management (e. g. potassium and phosphate) is more readily managed by separate infusions if safe systems exist. Patients on renal support will have increased nutritional losses so maintain on full feeding. Important when using either EN or PN Nutrition should be commenced at reduced rates especially in the malnourished until metabolic tolerance established. Increase to full target over a 3 day period and monitor for re-feeding syndrome. It is possible to overfeed with PN but unless glucose intake exceeds 4-5 gm/kg/day hyperglycaemia indicates peripheral insulin resistance and the need for additional insulin and not reduction in feed volume. Step 3 Are nutrition goals being achieved? Set targets and check nutrition intake daily and act upon the findings. It is recommended that calorie (and nitrogen) intake is calculated daily in addition to the fluid balance. Has the patient received the amount of nutrition prescribed over previous days? Nutritional support, once instigated, should be monitored to confirm the safety of treatment. The following guide illustrates the type of monitoring required. The tests required will depend upon duration and method of feeding. The frequency of testing will vary depending on the illness severity. Fluid balance and calorie intake and if possible weight. Urea and electrolytes daily (watch K+ as feeds may have only a modest K+ content) Blood glucose monitored frequently and preferably as part of a tight glycaemic control. Phosphate (This should be monitored closely especially when starting feeds in the malnourished) Plasma lipid clearance or triglycerides Full blood count Liver function tests, Calcium Magnesium Calculation or measurement of nitrogen balance is not reliable in the routine setting. Nutrition support algorithm summary ASSESS Is nutritional support required? 40% of patients admitted to hospital are undernourished REASSESS Supplemental PN? ADMINISTER Which route? Is enteral feeding practical and safe? If not consider PN ACHIEVE and REVIEW Are you satisfying the nutrient needs of the patient? N Y WEANING STRATEGY If on EN can oral intake be started? If on PN can EN be started?

Research Purpose Statement Development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Research Purpose Statement Development - Essay Example universities.† This purpose statement explains and justifies the intent of the future research; it sets the objectives and clarifies the main idea of the research study. The NCU Proposal and Dissertation Review Form (DRF) serves as a source reference for additional information regarding purpose statement requirements and appropriate documentation. A series of questions explored the research problem before explaining and justifying the proposed purpose statement. Various sources are utilized in this paper, including different published research materials and Internet articles. The impact of foreign students on the educational industry in America can’t be ignored both in terms of the financial aspects and the diversity these students bring to American colleges and universities (Institute of International Education (IIE), 2010). However the response to this growing number of international students has been at best apathetic. While there has been a range of different studies completed in the last ten years on concepts such as student stress, cultural stress and other identified stresses that international students contend with when they commence their educational journey in America the reports seem to be unable to find a practical solution to the problem. This lack of educational model, one that could increase international student success and satisfaction in studying in American institutions, could negatively impact the future of this so far growing business. Given that the IIE (2010) reported that international students contribute almost $20 billion dollars through their tuition expenses and living costs more efforts should be made to ensure that the educational experience for international students is positive and meets their needs. The research conducted to date has focused on identifying key stresses that international students face when they study in America. While this author has found a wealth of material about international students and the